Trevor Douglas
Viruses and other Protein Cage Architectures as Templates for Materials Synthesis
Viruses, and other protein cage architectures, have emerged as platforms for synthetic manipulation with a range of applications from materials to medicine. The use of protein cages as synthetic templates utilizes their inherent properties. An appreciation of these properties has resulted in a paradigm shift from the study of viruses as disease causing agents to highly useful molecular assemblies, which can be chemically and genetically modified. Synthetic manipulation can impart new function to protein cages, combining the best of evolution and truly intelligent design. Viruses can be viewed as molecular containers, which have been used as constrained reaction environments for the synthesis and sequestration of nanomaterials, the encapsulation of therapeutic drugs, and diagnostic imaging agents. The outer surfaces have been used to direct and target specific surfaces including cells and solid supports.
Selected Reviews:
1. T. Douglas, M. Young “Viruses: Making Friends With Old Foes” Science (2006) 312, 873-875. [Cover]
2. M. Uchida, M.T. Klem, M Flenniken, M. Allen, Z. Varpness, E. Gillitzer, P. Suci, M. Young and T. Douglas “Biological Containers: Protein Cages as Multifunctional Nanoplatforms” Advanced Materials (2007) 19, 1025-1042.
3. M.T. Klem, M. Young, T. Douglas “Biomimetic Approaches to the Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles” Materials Today (2005) 8, 28-37.
4. M. Young, D. Willits, M. Uchida, T. Douglas “Plant Viruses as Biotemplates for Materials and Their Use in Nanotechnology” Annual Reviews in Phytopathology (2008) 46, 361-368.
Publications:
2009
1. Lars O. Liepold, Md Joynal Abedin, Emily D. Buckhouse, Joseph A. Frank, Mark J. Young, Trevor Douglas “Supramolecular protein cage composite MR contrast agents with extremely efficient relaxivity properties“ Nano Letters (2009) accepted- in press.
2. Janice Lucon, Md. J. Abedin, Masaki Uchida, Lars O. Liepold, Mark Young, Trevor Douglas“A Click Chemistry Based Coordination Polymer Inside Small Heat Shock Protein” Chem. Commun. (2009) accepted- in press.
3. Michael Klem, Mark Young, Trevor Douglas “Biomimetic synthesis of photoactive a-Fe2O3 templated by the hyperthermophilic ferritin from Pyrococus furiosus” J. Mater. Chem. (2009) accepted- in press.
4. Sebyung Kang, Craig C. Jolley, Lars O. Liepold, Mark Young, and Trevor Douglas, “From Metal Binding to Core Formation; Monitoring Biomimetic Iron Oxide Synthesis within Protein Cages using Mass Spectrometry”, Angew. Chemie. (2009) 48, 1-6.
5. P. Suci, S. Kang, M. Young, T. Douglas “A streptavidin-protein cage Janus particle for polarized targeting and modular functionalization “ J. Amer. Chem. Soc. (2009) 131, 9164–9165.Sebyung Kang, Peter A. Suci, Chris C. Broomell, Ichiro Yamashita, Mark Young, and Trevor Douglas “Janus-like Protein Cages; Spatially Controlled Dual-functional Surface Modifications of Protein Cages” Nano Letters (2009), 6, 2360-2366.
6. Md. J. Abedin, L.O. Liepold, P. Suci, M. Young, T. Douglas “Synthesis of a crosslinked branched polymer network in the interior of a protein cage” J. Amer. Chem. Soc. (2009) 131, 4346-4354.
8. Lars O. Liepold, Luke M. Oltrogge, Peter Suci, Trevor Douglas, Mark J. Young ” Accurate Mass Assignment of Noncovalent Complexes by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry” J. Amer. Society for Mass Spec. (2009) 20 435-442.
9. James A. Wiley, Laura E. Richert, Steve D. Swain, Ann Harmsen, Dale L. Barnard, Troy D. Randall, Mark Jutila, Chris Broomell, Mark Young, Trevor Douglas, Allen Harmsen. “Protein cage nanoparticle enhances protection against respiratory viruses” PLOS One (2009) 4, e7142.
10. S.E. Aniagyei, C.J. Kennedy, B. Stein, D.A. Willits, T. Douglas, M.J. Young, M. De, V. M. Rotello, D. Srisathiyanarayanan, C. C. Kao, and B. Dragnea, “Synergistic Effects of Mutations and Nanoparticle Templating in the Self-Assembly Of Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus Capsids”, Nano Letters (2009) 9, 393-398.
11. J. Fulton, B.B. Bothner, M. Lawrence, J.E. Johnson, T. Douglas, M. Young “Genetics, biochemistry and structure of the archaeal virus STIV” Biochemical Society Transactions (2009) 37, 114-117.
12. H. Li, M.T Klem, K. B. Sebby, D.J. Singel, M. Young, T. Douglas, YU. Idzerda “Determination of Anisotropy Constants of Protein Encapsulated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Electron” J. of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2009) 321, 175-180.
13. V. Pool, M. Klem, J. Holroyd, T. Harris, E. Arenholz, T. Douglas, M. Young, and Y.U. Idzerda “Site Determination of Zn Doping in Protein Encapsulated ZnxFe3-xO4 Nanoparticles” J. Appl. Phys (2009) 105, 07B515.
14. M. Klem, P. Suci, D. Britt, M. Young, T. Douglas “In plane ordering of CCMV” Journal of Adhesion (2009) 85, 69-77.
15. C. Martin Lawrence, Smita Menon, Brian J. Eilers, Brian Bothner, Trevor Douglas, and Mark J. Young “Structural and Functional Studies of Archaeal Viruses” J. Biological Chem. (2009) 284, 12599–12603.
16. S. Brumfield, A. Ortmann, V. Ruigrok, P. Suci, T. Douglas, M. Young “Particle assembly and ultrastructural features associated with replication of the lytic archaeal virus Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus (STIV)” J. Virology (2009) 83, 5964–5970. [Cover]
17. Z. Varpness, P. Suci, M. Young, T. Douglas “1O2 production in Hsp” Chem Commun (2009) 3726-3728.
18. W. S. Maaty, B. Wiedenheft, J. Heinemann, P. Tarlykov, J. Robison-Cox, N. Schaff, J. Valenzuela, A. Dougherty, P. Blum, T. Douglas, M. J. Young and B. Bothner “Something old, something new, something borrowed; how the thermoacidophilic archeaon Sulfolobus solfataricus responds to oxidative stress “ PLOS One (2009) 4, e6964.
2008
19. M. Parker, B. Ramsay, M. Allen, M. Klem, M. Young, T. Douglas "Expanding the Temperature Range of Biomimetic Synthesis Using a Ferritin from the Hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus" Chem. Mater. (2008) 20, 1541-1547.
20. M. Klem, J. Mosolf, M. Young, T. Douglas “Synthesis of Protein Encapsulated Nanomaterials by Photoreduction” Inorg Chem (2008) 47, 2237-2239.
21. Alice C. Ortmann, Susan K. Brumfield, Jasper Walther, Kathleen McInnerney, Stan J. J. Brouns, Harmen J. G. van de Werken, Brian Bothner, Trevor Douglas, John van de Oost, and Mark J. Young “Transcriptome analysis of infection of the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus with STIV” J. Virology (2008) 82, 4874-4883.
22. Z. Varpness, C. Shoopman, J. Peters, M. Young, T. Douglas “H2 catalysis by Pt nanoparticles in Ferritin” ACS Symposium Series (2008) 986, 263- 272.
23. M. Klem, M. Young, T. Douglas “Biomimetic Synthesis of b-TiO2 Inside a Viral Capsid” J. Materials Chem (2008) 18, 3821-3823.
24. M. Young, D. Willits, M. Uchida, T. Douglas “Plant Viruses as Biotemplates for Materials and Their Use in Nanotechnology” Annual Reviews in Phytopathology (2008) 46, 361-368.
25. Sebyung Kang, Janice Lucon, Zachary B. Varpness, Lars Liepold, Masaki Uchida, Debbie Willits, Mark J. Young, and Trevor Douglas “Monitoring Biomimetic Platinum Nanocluster Formation using Non-covalent Mass Spectrometry and Cluster Dependent H2 Production” Angewandte Chemie (2008) 47, 7845 – 7848.
26. M.L. Flenniken, L. Liepold, S. Kang, M. Uchida, M.J. Young, T. Douglas “A Library of Protein Cage Architectures as Nanomaterials” Current Opinion in Microbiology and Immunology (2008) 327, 71-94.
27. P. Suci, M. Klem, M. Young, T. Douglas “Signal amplification using nanoplatform cluster formation “Soft Matter (2008), 4, 2519 - 2523.
28. J. Fulton, T. Douglas and M. Young, “Isolation of viruses from high temperature environments” in “Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols” M. Clokie (ed.) Humana Press, Totwa, NJ. (2008).
29. M. Uchida, M. Terashima, C. H. Cunningham, Y. Suzuki, D.A.Willits, A. F. Willis, P. C. Yang, P. S. Tsao, M. V. McConnell, M. J. Young and T. Douglas. “A Human Ferritin Iron Oxide Nano-composite Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agent” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (2008) 60, 1073-1081.
30. Sebyung Kang, Luke M. Oltrogge, Chris C. Broomell, Lars O. Liepold, Peter E. Prevelige, Mark Young, and Trevor Douglas "Controlled Assembly of Bifunctional Chimeric Protein Cages and Composition Analysis using Non-covalent Mass Spectrometry" J. Amer. Chem. Soc. (2008) 130, 16527-16529.
31. Masaki Uchida, Deborah A. Willits, Karin Muller, Ann F. Willis, Mark J. Young, Alexandra E. Porter and Trevor Douglas “Intra-cellular Distribution of Macrophage Targeting Ferritin Iron Oxide Nano-composite” Advanced Materials (2008) 20, 1-5.
2007
32. M. T. Klem, D. A. Resnick, K. Gilmore, M. Young, Y. U. Idzerda and T. Douglas "Synthetic control over magnetic moment and exchange bias in all-oxide materials encapsulated within a spherical protein cage" J Am Chem Soc (2007) 129, 197-201.
33. B. Wiedenheft, M. Flenniken, M.A.Allen, M. Young, T. Douglas “Bioprospecting in high temperature environments; application of thermostable protein cages“ Soft Matter (2007) 3, 1019-1098.
34. M.A.Allen, M.M. Prisell, M.J. Young, T. Douglas “Constrained Metal Oxide Mineralization: Lessons From Ferritin Applied to Other Protein Cage Architectures” Handbook Of Biomineralization,Vol. 3. E. Bauerlein, P. Behrens (Eds), Wiley (2007).
35. M. Uchida, M.T. Klem, M Flenniken, M. Allen, Z. Varpness, E. Gillitzer, P. Suci, M. Young and T. Douglas “Biological Containers: Protein Cages as Multifunctional Nanoplatforms” Advanced Materials (2007) 19, 1025-1042.
36. L.O. Liepold, S. Anderson, D. Willits, L. Oltrogge, J.A. Frank, T. Douglas, and M. Young "Viral Capsids as MRI contrast agents" Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (2007) 58, 871-880.
37. P. A. Suci, D. L. Berglund, L. Liepold, S. Brumfield, B. Pitts, W. Davison, L. Oltrogge, K. O. Hoyt, S. Codd, P. S. Stewart, M. Young and T. Douglas "High-density targeting of a viral multifunctional nanoplatform to a pathogenic, biofilm-forming bacterium." Chemistry & Biology (2007) 14, 387-398.
38. P.A. Suci, Z. Varpness, E. Gillitzer, T. Douglas, M. Young “Targeting and Killing of a Microbial Pathogen Using Protein Cage Architectures Functionalized with a Photosensitizer “ Langmuir (2007) 23, 12280 - 12286.
39. C. R. Kaiser, M. Flenniken, E. Gillitzer, A. G.Harmsen, A. L.Harmsen, M. Jutila, T.Douglas, and M. J. Young “Biodistribution studies of protein cage nanoparticles demonstrate broad tissue distribution and rapid clearance in vivo.” Int J Nanomedicine (2007) 2, 715 - 731.
40. J.C. Snyder, B. Wiedenheft, M. Lavin, F. Roberto, J. Spuhler, A.C. Ortmann, T. Douglas, M. Young “Virus movement maintains local virus population diversity“ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2007) 104, 19102-19107.
2006
41. M.L. Flenniken, D.A. Willits, A.L. Harmsen, L.O. Liepold, A.G. Harmsen, M.J. Young, T. Douglas “Tumor and Lymphocyte Targeting Incorporated into a Heat Shock Protein Cage Architecture” Chemistry and Biology (2006) 13, 161-170.
42. J.W. Peters, R.K. Szilagyi, A. Naumov, and T. Douglas “A radical solution for the biosynthesis of the H-cluster of hydrogenase” FEBS Lett (2006) 580, 363-367.
43. B. Ramsey, B. Wiedenheft, M. Allen, G. H. Gauss, C. M. Lawrence, M. Young, T. Douglas “Dps-like protein from the hyperthermophilic archaeaon Pyrococcus furiosis” J. Inorganic Biochemistry (2006) 100, 1061-1068.
44. D. A. Resnick, K. Gilmore, Y. U. Idzerda, M. T. Klem, M. Allen, E. Arenholz, T. Douglas, M. Young “Magnetic properties of Co3O4 nanoparticles mineralized in ferritin” J. Appl. Physics (2006) 99, 08Q501.
45. P. Tunici, J. W.M. Bulte, M. G. Bruzzone, P. L. Poliani, L. Cajola, M. Grisoli, T. Douglas, G. Finocchiaro, “Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived From Mouse Skin Engraft Into The Brain And Have A Therapeutic Potential” J Gene Med (2006) 8, 506-513.
46. T. Douglas, M. Young “Viruses: Making Friends With Old Foes” Science (2006) 312, 873-875. [Cover]
47. A.Ortmann, B. Wiedenheft, T. Douglas, M. Young “Hot crenarchaeal viruses reveal deep evolutionary connections“ (2006) Nature Reviews Microbiology (2006) 4, 520-528.
48. W.S.A. Maaty, A. Ortmann, K. Schulstad, J. Hilmer, L.O. Liepold, B. Wiedenheft, T. Douglas, M. Young, B. Bothner “Characterization of the Archaeal Thermophile Sulfolobus Turreted Icosahedral Virus Validates a Relationship with dsDNA Viruses from Other Domains of Life” J. Virology (2006) 80, 765-7635.
49. G.H. Gauss, B. Wiedenheft, M. Young, T. Douglas, C. M. Lawrence “The structure of the DPS-like protein from Sulfolobus solfataricus reveals a bacterioferritin-like di-iron binding site within a DPS-like dodecameric assembly” Biochemistry (2006) 45, 10815 – 10827.
50. E. Gillitzer, P. Suci, M. Young, T. Douglas “Functional asymmetry in a protein cage architecture through controlled assembly” Small (2006) 2, 962-966.
51. P. Suci, M. Klem, T. Douglas, M. Young “Assembly of multilayer layer films incorporating a viral protein cage architecture” Langmuir (2006) 22, 8891-8896.
52. M. Uchida, M. L. Flenniken, M. Allen, D. A. Willits, B. E. Crowley, S. Brumfield, A. F. Willis, L. Jackiw, M. Jutila, M. J. Young and T. Douglas "Targeting of cancer cells with ferrimagnetic ferritin cage nanoparticles." J Am Chem Soc (2006) 128: 16626-33.
2005
53. B. Wiedenheft, D. Willits, J. Mosolf, M.Yeager, K. Dryden, M. Young and T. Douglas “An archaeal antioxidant: Characterization of a Dps-like protein from Sulfolobus solfataricus” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2005) 102, 10551-10556. [Cover]
54. M.T. Klem, D.A. Willits, D.J. Solis, A.M. Belcher, M. Young, and T. Douglas “Bio-Inspired Synthesis of Protein Encapsulated CoPt Nanoparticles” Advanced Functional Materials (2005) 15, 1489-1494.
55. P.A.Suci, M.T. Klem, T. Douglas, and M.J. Young “Influence of electrostatic interactions on surface adsorption of a viral protein cage” Langmuir (2005) 21, 8686-8693.
56. M.L. Flenniken, L.O. Liepold, B.E. Crowley, D.A. Willits, M.J. Young, T. Douglas “Selective Attachment and Release of a Chemotherapeutic Agent from the Interior of a Protein Cage Architecture” Chemical Communications (2005), 447-449.
57. M. Young, J. Snyder, B. Wiedenheft, J. Spuhler, F. Roberto, and T. Douglas “Archaeal Viruses from Yellowstone’s High Temperature Environments” in Geothermal Biology and Geochemistry in Yellowstone National Park, Thermal Biology Institute, 2005.
58. M.T. Klem, M. Young, T. Douglas “Biomimetic Approaches to the Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles” Materials Today (2005) 8, 28-37.
59. K. Gilmore,Y.U. Idzerda, M.T. Klem, M.Allen, and T.Douglas, M.Young “Surface Contribution to the Anisotropy Energy of Spherical Magnetite Particles” J. Appl. Physics (2005) 97, 10B301.
60. R.J.Usselman, M.T. Klem, M. Allen, T. Douglas, D.J. Singel , D. Willits, M. Young, K. Gilmore, Y Idzerda. “Electron Magnetic Resonance of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Mineralized in Protein Cages” J. Appl. Physics (2005) 97, 10M523.
61. H-A. Hosein, D.R. Strongin, T. Douglas, K. Rosso “A Bioengineering Approach to the Production of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles” Nanotechnology and the Environment ACS Symposium Series (2005) 890, 230-237.
62. M.A.Allen, T. Douglas, D. Nest, M. Schoonen, D.R. Strongin “Charge Development on Ferritin: An Electrokinetic study of a Protein Containing a Ferrihydrite Nanoparticle” Nanotechnology and the Environment ACS Symposium Series (2005) 890, 226-229.
63. M. A. Allen, J.W.M. Bulte, L.O. Liepold, G. Basu, H.A. Zywicke, J.A. Frank, M. Young, T. Douglas “Gd(III)-bound to a Viral Protein Cage: An MR Contrast Agent with Unusually High Relaxivity” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (2005), 54, 807-812.
64. L.O. Liepold, J. Revis, M.A. Allen, L. Oltrogge, M. Young, T. Douglas “Structural Transitions in Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV)” Physical Biology (2005) 2, 166 – 172.
65. Z. Varpness, J. Peters, M. Young, T. Douglas “Biomimetic synthesis of a H2 catalyst using a protein cage architecture” Nano Letters (2005), 5, 2306-2309.
66. T.E. Elgren, O.A. Zadvorny, E. Brecht, T. Douglas, N.A. Zorin, M.J. Maroney, J.W. Peters “Immobilization of Active Hydrogenases by Encapsulation in Polymeric Porous Gels” Nano Letters (2005) 5, 2085-2087.
2004
67. J.W.M. Bulte, A.S. Arbab, T. Douglas, J.A. Frank “Preparation of Magnetically Labeled Cells for Cell Tracking by Magnetic Resonance Imaging” Methods in Enzymology (2004) 386, 275-299.
68. G.A. Walter, K.S. Cahill, J.Huard, H. Feng, T. Douglas, H.L.Sweeney, and J.W.M. Bulte “Noninvasive Monitoring of Stem Cell Transfer for Muscle Disorders”Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (2004), 51, 273-277.
69. I-H. Lee, J.W.M. Bulte, P. Schweinhardt, T. Douglas, A. Trifunovski, C. Hofstetter, L. Olson , C. Spenger. “In vivo magnetic resonance tracking of olfactory ensheathing glia grafted into the rat spinal cord”, Experimental Neurology (2004), 187, 509-516.
70. G. Rice, L. Tang, K. Stedman, F. Roberto, J. Spuhler, J.E. Johnson, T. Douglas, and M. Young “The structure of a thermophilic virus shows that a dsDNA viral capsid type spans all domains of life” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2004), 101, 7716-7720.
71. D. Ensign, M. Young, T. Douglas, “Photocatalytic Synthesis of Copper Colloids From Cu(II) by the Ferrihydrite Core of Ferritin” Inorganic Chemistry (2004), 43, 3441-3446.
72. M. Flenniken, M. Allen, M. Young, T. Douglas "Viruses as Host Assemblies" in Encyclopedia of Supramolecular Chemistry, Jerry L. Atwood and Jonathan W. Steed, Editors, Marcel Dekker, 2004.
73. S. Brumfield, D. Willits, L. Tang, J.E. Johnson, T. Douglas, and M.Young, “Pichia pastoris based expression of assembled viral protein cages for nanomaterials synthesis”, J. General Virology (2004) 85, 1049-1053.
74. B. Wiedenheft, K. Stedman, F. Roberto, D. Willits, A.-K. Gleske, L. Zoeller, J. Snyder, T. Douglas and M.Young, “Comparative genomic analysis of hyperthermophilic Archaeal fuselloviridae viruses” J. Virology (2004) 78, 1954-1961.
75. H-A. Hosein, D.A. Strongin, M.A. Allen, T. Douglas “ Iron and Cobalt Nanoparticles Engineered by the Reduction of Ferritin Encapsulated Metal Oxide Precursors” Langmuir (2004) 20, 10283-10287.
76. D. Resnick, K. Gilmore, Y.U. Idzerda, M. Klem, E. Smith, T. Douglas “Modeling the magnetic behavior of g-Fe2O3 nanoparticles mineralized in ferritin”, J. Applied Physics (2004) 95, 7127-7129.
77. M. Flenniken, M. Allen, T. Douglas "Microbe Manufacturers of Semiconductors" Chemistry & Biology (2004) 11, 1478-1480.
78. J. Snyder, J.C. Spuhler, B. Wiedenheft, F. Roberto, T. Douglas, M. Young “Effects of culturing on the population structure of a hyperthermophilic virus” Micobial Ecology (2004) 48, 561-566.
2003
79. M.L. Flenniken, D.A. Willits, S. Brumfield, M.J. Young, and T. Douglas “The Small Heat Shock Protein from Methanococcus jannaschii is a Versatile Nano-scale Platform for Genetic and Chemical Modification” Nano Letters (2003) 3, 1573-1576.
80. M. T. Klem, D. A. Willits, M. J. Young, and T. Douglas “2-D Array Formation of Genetically Engineered Viral Cages on Au Surfaces and Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy “ J. American Chemical Society (2003) 125, 1056-1057
81. M.A. Allen, D. Willits, M. Young, T. Douglas “Constrained Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nano-Materials In the 12-subunit Protein Cage From Listeria innocua” Inorganic Chemistry (2003) 42, 6300-6305.
82. T. Douglas, M. Allen, M. Young “Self-assembling protein cage systems and applications in nanotechnology”, Biopolymers (2003) 8, 405-426.
83. G. Basu, M. A. Allen, D. Willits, M. Young, T. Douglas, “Metal binding to Cowpea Chlorotic mottle Virus using Tb(III) Fluorescence” Journal of Bioinorganic Chemistry (2003) 8,721-725.
2002
84. T. Douglas, E. Strable, D. Willits, A. Aitouchen, M. Libera, and M. Young, "Protein Engineering of a Viral Cage for Constrained Nano-Materials Synthesis" Advanced Materials (2002), 14, 415.
85. M. Allen, D. Willits, J. Mosolf, M. Young, and T. Douglas, “Protein Cage Constrained Synthesis of Ferrimagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles” Advanced Materials (2002) 14, 1562-1565.
86. Ivan Kim, H-A. Hosein, D.A.Strongin, T.Douglas, “Photochemical reactivity of ferritin for Cr(VI) reduction”, Chemistry of Materials (2002), 14, 4874-4879.
87. P. D. Majors, E. J. Ackerman, R. A. Wind, T. Douglas, and J. W. M. Bulte, Proc. Intl. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. (2002), 10, 2571
88. E. Gillitzer, D. Willits, M. Young, and T. Douglas “Chemical Modification of a Viral Cage for Multivalent Presentation” Chemical Communications (2002) 2390-2391.
2001
89. E. Strable, J.W.M Bulte,.B.M. Moskowitz, K. Vivekanandan, M. Allen, T. Douglas "Magnetodendrimers: Synthesis of Soluble Nanophase Mineral-Organic Composites" Chemistry of Materials (2001), 13, 2201.
90. A. Nedoluzhko, T. Douglas “Biomimetic Materials Chemistry” in Focus on Biotechnology (vol 7), M de Cuyper, J.W.M. Bulte (eds.), Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, 2001.
91. J.W.M. Bulte, T. Douglas, B. Witwer, S-C. Zhang, E. Strable, B.K. Lewis, H. Zywicke, B. Miller, P. van Gelderen, B.M. Moskowitz, I.D. Duncan, and J.A. Franks “Magnetodendrimers as a New Class of MR Contrast Agents for Universal, Non-Specific Magnetic Labeling and In Vivo Tracking of Mammalian (Stem) Cells” Nature Biotechnology (2001), 19, 1141.
2000
92. T. Douglas and V. Stark “Nanophase Cobalt Oxyhydroxide Mineral Synthesized within the Protein Cage of Ferritin” Inorganic Chemistry (2000) 39, 1828-1830.
93. V. Herynek, J.W.M. Bulte, T. Douglas, R.A. Brooks “Dynamic Relaxometry: Application to Iron Uptake by Ferritin” Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry (2000) 5, 51-56.
1999
94. K. K. W. Wong, N. T. Whilton, H. Colfen, T. Douglas, and S. Mann, " Synthesis and Characterisation of Hydrophobic Ferritin Proteins” J. Inorganic Biochemisrty(1999) 76, 187-195.
95. T. Douglas and M. Young "Virus Particles as Templates for Materials Synthesis" Advanced Materials (1999), 11, 679-681.
96. V. Sidorov, T. Douglas, S.M. Dzekunov, D. Abdallah, B. Ghebremariam, P.D. Roepe and Stefan Matile "Self-Assembled Single-Chain Oligo(p-Phenylene) Amphiphiles: Reversed Micelles, Vesicles, and Gels" Chemical Communications (1999), 1429-1430.
97. W. Shenton, T. Douglas, M. Young, G. Stubbs, S. Mann "Inorganic-Organic Nanotube Composites From Template Mineralization of Tobacco Mosaic Virus " Advanced Materials (1999), 11, 253-256.
1998
98. T. Douglas , M. Young, " Host Guest Encapsulation of Materials by Assembled Virus Protein Cages" Nature (1998) 393, 152-155.
99. T. Douglas, D.R. Ripoll, "Calculated Electrostatic Gradients in Recombinant Human H-Chain Ferritin" Protein Science (1998), 7, 1083-1091.
100. K. K. W. Wong, N. T. Whilton, H. Colfen, T. Douglas, and S. Mann, "Hydrophobic Proteins: Synthesis and Characterisation of Organic-Soluble Alkylated Ferritins," Chemical Communications (1998), 1621-1622.
101. K.K.W. Wong, T. Douglas, S. Gider, D.D. Awschalom and S. Mann "Biomimetic Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Proteins (Magnetoferritin)" Chemistry of Materials, (1998), 10, 279-285.
1997
102.B.M. Moskowitz, R.B. Frankel, S.A. Walton, D.P.E. Dickson, K.K.W. Wong, T. Douglas, S. Mann, "Determination of the Preexponential Frequency Factor for Superparamagnetic Maghemite Particles in Magnetoferritin" J. Geophys. Res., (1997), 102, 671-22680.
1996
103. S. Gider, D.D. Awschalom, T. Douglas, K. Wong, S. Mann, G. Cain, "Classical and Quantum Magnetism in Synthetic Ferritin Proteins" J. Appl. Phys. (1996) 79, 5324-5326.
104.T. Douglas "Biomimetic Synthesis of Nanoscale Particles in Organized Protein Cages" in Biomimetic Approaches in Materials Science, S. Mann (ed.), VCH publishers, New York, 1996.
105. T. Douglas, S. Mann "Biomolecules in the Synthesis of Inorganic Solids" in Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology and Molecular Medicine, VCH publishers, New York, 1996.
106. M. Zborowski, C. B. Fuh, R. Green, N. J. Baldwin, S. Reddy, T. Douglas, S. Mann, J.J. Chalmers, "Immunomagnetic Isolation of Magnetoferritin-labeled Cells in a Modified Ferrograph" Cytometry (1996) 24, 251-259.
1995
107. T. Douglas and S. Mann, "Biomolecules in Inorganic Synthesis" in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, R.A. Meyers (ed.), VCH publishers, New York, 1995.
108. T. Douglas, D.P.E. Dickson, S. Betteridge, J. Charnock, C. D. Garner, S. Mann, "Synthesis and Structure of an Iron(III) Sulfide-Ferritin Bioinorganic Nanocomposite", Science (1995), 269, 54-57.
109. S. Gider, D. D. Awschalom, T. Douglas, S. Mann, M. Chaparala, "Classical and Quantum Magnetic Phenomena in Natural and Artificial Ferritin Proteins", Science (1995) 268, 77-80.
110. J.W.M. Bulte, T. Douglas, S. Mann, J. Vymazal, P.G. Laughlin, J.A. Frank, "Initial Assessment of Magnetoferritin Biokinetics and Proton Relaxation Enhancement in Rats" Academic Radiology (1995) 2 871-878.
111. F. C. Meldrum, T. Douglas, S. Levi, P. Arosio and S. Mann, "Reconstitution of Manganese Oxide Cores in Horse Spleen and Recombinant Ferritins", Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry (1995) 58, 59-68.
112. T. Douglas, J.W.M. Bulte, Q.A. Pankhurst, D.P.E. Dickson, B.M. Moskowitz, R.B. Frankel, S. Mann, "Inorganic-Protein Interactions in the Synthesis of a Ferrimagnetic Nanocomposite", in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Composites, J.E. Mark, P. Bianconi (eds), American Chemical Society, Washington DC (1995).
1994
113.T. Douglas and J. M. Didymus, "Mineral Sculptures in Biology", Chemistry Review (1994), 4, 2-7.
114. R.J. Ward, M. Ramsey, D.P.E.Dickson, C. Hunt, T. Douglas, S. Mann, F. Aouad, T.J. Peters, R.R. Chrighton, "Further Characterization of forms of Hemosiderin in Iron-overloaded Tissues", European Journal of Biochemistry (1994), 225, 187-194.
115. Trevor Douglas and Stephen Mann, "Oriented Nucleation of Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) under Compressed Langmuir Monolayers", Materials Science and Engineering C1 (1994), 193-199.
116. J.W.M. Bulte, T. Douglas, S. Mann, R.B. Frankel, B.M. Moskowitz, R.A. Brooks, C.D. Baumgarner, J. Vymazal, M-P. Strub, J.A. Frank, "Magnetoferritin: Characterization of a Novel Superparamagnetic MR Contrast Agent", Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1994), 4, 497-505.
117. J.W.M. Bulte, T. Douglas, S. Mann, R.B. Frankel, B.M. Moskowitz, R.A. Brooks, C.D. Baumgarner, J. Vymazal, J.A. Frank,"Magnetoferritin: Biomineralization as a Novel Molecular Aproach in the Design of Iron Oxide-Based MR Contrast Agents", Investigative Radiology (1994), 29, S214-S216.
118. L.D. Ma, B. Jones, A.J. Lazenby, T. Douglas, J.W.M. Bulte, "Persistent Oral Contrast Lining the Intestine in Severe Mucosal Disease: Elucidation of the Radiographic Appearence", Radiology (1994) 191, 747-749.
119. Q.A. Pankhurst, S. Betteridge, D.P.E. Dickson, T. Douglas, S. Mann, R.B. Frankel, "Mössbauer Spectroscopic (and Magnetic) Studies of Magnetoferritin", Hyperfine Interactions (1994), 90, 847-851.
120. A.M.A. Bennett, T. Douglas, K.M. Unruh, S.I. Shah, K.H. Theopold, "Synthesis of III-V Semiconductor Particles from Organometallic Precursors", in Nanophase Materials, G.C. Hadjipanayis and R.W. Siegel (eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1994.
1993
121. S. Mann, D.D. Archibald, J.M. Didymus, T. Douglas, B.R. Heywood, F.C. Meldrum, N.J. Reeves, "Crystallization at Inorganic-Organic Interfaces: Biomaterials and Biomimetic Synthesis", Science (1993), 261, 1286.
1989-1991
122. T. Douglas and K. H. Theopold, "Molecular Precursors for Indium Phosphide and Synthesis of Small Semiconductor Clusters in Solution", Inorganic Chemistry, (1991), 30, 594.
123. T. Douglas, "Synthesis and Studies of III-V Semiconductor Precursors; Preparation of Semiconductor Colloids", Ph.D dissertation, Cornell University (1991).
124. T. Douglas, B. S. Haggerty, A. L. Rheingold, K. H. Theopold, "A Phospholyl Complex of Indium.", Polyhedron, (1990), 9, 329.
125. T. Douglas and K. H. Theopold, "Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Phospholyl Anion", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., (1989), 28, 1367.
126. E. K. Byrne, T. Douglas, K. H. Theopold, "Organometallic Precursors for III-V Semiconductors", Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc, (1989), 131, 59.
